Music in Lithuania: bands, genres, radio stations, festivals
Lithuanian music scene is quite neatly divided into so-called "pop music" and "alternative music".
Lithuanian pop music
Popmusic is the more popular one, but mocked by the fans of alternative latter for its lame lyrics, little musical value and recorded performances. Typically the run-off-a-mill bands of pretty blonde girls made famous by various reality TV shows or professional producing companies or, are ones made fun of the most.
Nevertheless, these ephemeral bands often not lasting any more than some 6 years are only one side of Lithuania's pop music. On the other side are well-known singers with their decades-spanning careers. Called "estrada singers", the top veteran stars are the late Stasys Povilaitis and Edmundas Kučinskas (both loved by older people). When deceased, the top estrada singers may even have monuments built for them.
There is also a "middle ground" of singers who augment their pop music careers by acting in musicals or performing more serious songs. Arguably the most famous such performer is Marijus Mikutavičius who somehow always manages to unite the nation with his anthems for basketball, happiness, and other positive things. The divides between followers of various genres sometimes disappear while listening to his "Trys milijonai" song created for 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, but as popular today as it was a decade ago.
Marijus Mikutavičius (center), Mantas Jankavičius and Mia in a Eurobasket 2011 anthem videoclip.
The radio stations play primarily pop music. The best radio stations to hear Lithuanian pop music are "Pūkas" and "Lietus" (the first programs solely this genre whereas the later also plays foreign music). Additionally, Lithuanian pop music may be heard in live performances at various gigs and cafes in Palanga resort at summer.
While there are various local music awards Eurovision song contest is the true centerpoint of Lithuanian pop music year and generates the most publicity. Many musicians enter the qualification stage for public relations alone. The contest itself has a sport-like following where the Lithuanian band is supported like some national team. Lithuanians never won the contest, however (unlike Latvians and Estonians). The expansion of the contest makes it harder for nations without millions-strong diaspora communities to win.
Lithuania has a constant stream of its own popular musical TV contests,however, eagerly joined by most pop singers to boost their careers.
While the top Lithuanian music performers may sometimes give grandiose gigs in the sold-out arenas, usually the Lithuanian market is too small for that. Therefore, anybody outside the top-of-the-top plays in smaller venues with just several hundred fans attending. Another opportunity to see the Lithuanian stars are various city and town festivals or the official celebrations of "modern" public holidays (e.g. the independence day) that often include free gigs by some celebrities in the main squares.
Vaidas Baumila, one of the stars made famous by reality TV, performs during the key evening gig of the annual Klaipėda city festival (Sea Festival). ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Lithuanian "alternative music"
The Lithuanian alternative music covers many genres. A fan usually follows one or more genres, although (s)he may still prefer other genres over pop music. As its audience is smaller and more divided, "Alternative music" gigs generally take place in smaller venues than those of the leading pop music.
One exception is the immensely popular summer festivals, each taking up a weekend somewhere far from the cities. These festivals are usually dedicated to particular genres, e.g. metal, gothic, rock or electronic, and include both local and foreign music of these genres. They take place either in cities or certain country areas. Some famous annual festivals: “Mėnuo juodaragis“ (neo-folk / neo-pagan), “Galapagai“ (rock), “Visagino kantri” (country music, always held in Visaginas), “Tamsta muzika“ (various genres, primarily alternative), "Yaga" (raggae, dub, electric), "Akacijų alėja" (sung poetry).
Pagan metal band Obtest performs for a small audience in Vilnius Book Fair. Like a part of alternative bands, it combines ethnic heritage ideas with Western genres. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
A significant portion of Lithuania’s alternative musicians follows the so-called sung poetry (dainuojamoji poezija) genre. This usually involves a single musician singing solo with a single instrument. As in poetry, it is the lyrics that are most important rather than the melody (therefore sung poetry is difficult to understand for someone who does not speak Lithuanian).
A sculpture of Vytautas Kernagis (1951-2008) in Nida. He is sometimes credited as the founder of the sung poetry popularity by using it in the 1980s to record songs mildly satirizing the Soviet regime. His own popularity is comparable to that of key estrada singers. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Another style enjoying greater popularity in Lithuania than elsewhere is the neo-folk that combines centuries-old songs with modern musical motives (rock, metal, etc.).
Mėnuo Juodaragis summer festival, dedicated to neo-folk and the related genres. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Folk and classical music
Real folk music is seen to be a major part of Lithuanian culture, kept alive by mostly amateur bands and choirs. Quadriennial UNESCO-inscribed state-funded festivals Dainų šventė (Song festival) are the ultimate folksong choir experience, but annual "Ant rubežiaus" (Šiauliai), "Skamba skamba kankliai" (Vilnius) are more frequent and varied alternatives. Folk music is in a way detached from both pop music and alternative music and is more commonly enjoyed by older people. Before 20th century every folk song was meant to be sung doing a different task, polyphonic "sutartinės" being the most famous.
A band in folk costumes performs in Vilnius during the traditional Skamba skamba kankliai folk music festival in late May. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Classical music and opera, another separate category, is also preferred primarily by mature population and is found in opera theaters, philharmonias, and musical theaters, usually performed in the original language. Regarded as "the most intellectual music", classical music bands are commonly largely funded by the state.
Foreign music in Lithuania
While the above mentioned two radio stations ("Pūkas" and "Lietus") play Lithuanian music, this is rather an exception than a rule. Most radio stations (e.g. "Radiocentras", "M-1") play solely or primarily English music. These are the same hits you would hear anywhere in the Western world. Since late 1990s world-famous bands visit Lithuania on their world tours. Many Lithuanians do not listen to Lithuanian music altogether, opting for the Western one instead.
The third category of music popular in Lithuania is also non-local, but neither it is music you would hear in the West. This is Russian music. It is mostly listened to by ethnic Russians, but also enjoyed by a part of the non-Russian working class. Less impressively it continues to be popular among criminals and thugs. You are much more likely to hear a Russian song in Vilnius public transport eagerly listened by the drivers than either Lithuanian or Western one. Entire radio stations are dedicated to them. "Russkoe Radio" plays solely Russian pop music (their hosts also speak Russian) whereas "A2" plays a mix of Russian and Lithuanian pop music and employs Lithuanian-speaking hosts. Most of the Russian music is imported from Russia rather than locally created.
See also: Popular Lithuanian songs: old and new
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Lithuanian folk songs, music and dances
Lithuania is famous for its archaic folk songs, a UNESCO world heritage and a center-point of many Lithuanian cultural festivals and events.
Archaic Lithuanian folk songs and musical instruments
Before the modern era swept through villages Lithuanians used to sing at most occasions. Work songs would lead them through daily tasks. With the exception of children songs, every song was reserved for some particular task or lifetime event (e.g. sowing, harvest, wedding, departing for war). The choice of traditional musical instruments also depended on the reason for singing.
The lyrics of old (pre-19th century) Lithuanian folk songs are full of diminutives. Some songs are multipart and known as sutartinės. Sung by two to four persons these have few counterparts in Europe, they are listed as UNESCO World Heritage.
Hereunder is an example of sutartinė, typically sung by four women in two pairs. "Doliya" is a kind of meaningless word used to create rhyme/rhythm in old Lithuanian folk songs (some think they may have had a meaning in the past which is now lost). As the English language lacks diminutives the word "Little" is used to replace them.
| Žvingia žirgas Folk (author unknown) Žvingia žirgas, dolija, (Dolijute, dolija.) |
The horse is neighing English translation ©Augustinas Žemaitis. The horse is neighing, doliya (little doliya, doliya) |
The most famous Lithuanian traditional musical instruments are skrabalai (percussion instrument), skudučiai (wind instrument) and kanklės (string instrument), with kanklės regarded to have a deeper spiritual importance. Traditionally only a single (or one type) instrument would be used to accompany a song, but "traditional instrument orchestras" have been established in the 20th century, modernizing the once-archaic Lithuanian instruments to expand their accuracy and possibilities.
In addition to the main Lithuanian instruments there used to be many reserved for special occasions or jobs which are now obsolete (e.g. džingulis is a large jingling rod for calling villagers into a wedding) .
Traditional Lithuanian instruments at the Kaunas folk instrument museum (left-to-right): skrabalai, skudučiai, kanklės, džingulis. Skudučiai are played by a band of people each taking some of the pipes; top skudučiai are amateur-made while the bottom ones are a modern professional version. 20th-century kanklės shown here are decorated in patriotic motifs as is now popular. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Many folk songs have been traditionally performed without instruments. Raudos (Weeps) are improvised a capella laments for either funeral or wedding as both transitions into new life were considered to be worth weeping for.
Hereunder is an example of a rauda sung during the funeral of a son. The body is typically addressed as if he would be alive.
| Rauda ©Juozas Kazlauskas Sūneli mano brangus, |
Funerary lament for a dead son English translation ©Augustinas Žemaitis My dear little son, |
Performing folk music in traditional circumstances died out in late 19th to mid 20th centuries (when modern technologies and urbanization altered the lifestyle) but it is still popular among various folk bands. However, the true meaning of the older folk songs may be hard to discern to a modern person.
19th-20th-century Lithuanian folk songs
Today even more popular than the archaic songs are 19th-20th-century rural-themed songs performed with accordions (rather than the traditional instruments). Some towns and villages have their own bands called Kaimo kapelija which perform such songs. Not all of them are literally folk songs as many have non-anonymous authors but they are still a local tradition.
| Vėl gegužio žiedai ©Jungėnų kaimo kapela (Jungėnai village band) Vėl gegužio žiedai Vien gal dėl to, Čia prabėgo linksmai Ten palaukėj beržų |
Again the blossoms of May English translation ©Augustinas Žemaitis. Again the blossoms of May Have decorated the meadows and valleys And fields and forests and old farmsteads... My native farm, tell me why I long for you so much? And why I love you like this? (x2) Perhaps it's only because Here joyfully passed There near the birches |
Refrain-free romances with sad lyrics on love, death and war also became popular in the 19th century, however, their prevalence never reached that their contemporaries enjoyed in Russia. A "romance evening" in Vilnius or Klaipėda, therefore, is likely to be an ethnic minority event of Russian romances rather than a Lithuanian one.
The mass expulsion of Lithuanians by Soviets in 1940s-1950s woven the final carpet of Lithuanian folk music. Dehumanized and anonymous expellees would join in creating songs on their tragedy. Meanwhile, in Lithuania itself, even more new anonymous songs were written by partisans who fought against the Soviet regime. They were defeated so these final types of folk music are permeated with sadness and doom and (at best) the glory of graceful death.
| Jei ne auksinės vasaros Partisan/expellee folk romance Jei ne auksinės vasaros, Taip tyliai slenka vasaros, Paliksime tas kryžkeles Išeisiu vieną vakarą |
If not for the golden summers English translation ©Augustinas Žemaitis If not for the golden summers, So silently the summers crawl, We will leave these crossroads I will depart one evening |
Where to hear Lithuanian folk music?
Today the most massive Lithuanian folk music events are UNESCO-inscribed Song Festivals (Dainų šventė) which take place in the Baltics regularly since the 19th century (approximately every four years in Lithuania). There are also smaller annual events such as the Skamba Skamba Kankliai every May in Vilnius, Atataria lamzdžiai in Kaunas while the Kaimo kapelijos style is represented in Ant Rubežiaus at Šiauliai (June).
A kaimo kapela (village band) performs for dancing crowd during Ant Rubežiaus festival in Šiauliai. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Folk songs are considered an important representation of Lithuanian culture and, as such, they are performed in various international events. In Lithuanian communities abroad the Lithuanian folk song/dance tradition tends to outlive even the Lithuanian language. Folk songs are nearly always performed in folk costumes (which are otherwise no longer used in Lithuania).
In 2000s, it became fashionable to incorporate folk elements into new songs, merging them with rock, pop, metal or sung poetry. However, this neo-folk should not be taken for an authentic folk music. Mėnuo Juodaragis annual festival is somewhat dedicated to such neo-folk.
Lithuanian folk dances
Today folk dances usually go hand in hand with folk songs and are performed on stage. But originally they would include entire communities. Many dances have slower and faster parts and are danced in circles which transform into lines, "snakes" and other formations as the dance progresses, or may even temporarily "disintegrate" into pairs. The dancers' actions may be so elaborate that some Lithuanian dances are also known as "games".
A Lithuanian circle dance/game. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Those folk dances that are always danced in pairs are mostly of foreign origin (e.g. Polish polka).
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Popular Lithuanian Songs (Old and New)
While today Lithuanian music is increasing internationalized it still has its own peculiarities. Moreover, many of the songs still played on the radio are some years or several decades old, having witnessed the turbulent history.
Music has always been important to Lithuanians. In pre-modern times they had special songs for every daily task or lifetime event. In the 20th century, both independence movements (1918 and 1990) had their own strong musical backings.
This article tells the Lithuanian musical history with the most influential songs of various periods.
See also: Lithuanian folk songs.
Lithuanian National Revival songs (1870-1918)
In the late 19th century Lithuanian language ceased to be regarded as the language of peasants alone. Poets such as priest Maironis wrote poetry in Lithuanian, most of it with patriotic words. The importance of Maironis work to Lithuanian history is difficult to overstate and some of his famous poems became songs such as "Oi neverk matušėle" ("Oh don't cry, beloved mother"). The popularity of these songs continued and never became dated as the Lithuanian nation continued struggles for its existence under the Soviet occupation.
| Oi neverk, matušėle ©Maironis (Jonas Mačiulis) Oi neverk, matušėle, kad jaunas sūnus Taip nelaužyk sau rankų, kaip beržo šakas Ten už upių plačių žiba mūsų pulkai: Daugel krito sūnų kaip tų lapų rudens: Vedė Vytautas ten didžiavyrių pulkus Saulė leidos raudona ant Vilniaus kapų, O neverk, matušėle, kad jaunas sūnus |
Oh, don't cry, beloved mother English translation ©Augustinas Žemaitis Oh, don't cry, beloved mother, that young son Don't break your arms in the way birch branches There beyond wide rivers our legions are shining Many sons have fallen as those Autumn leafs Vytautas was leading there the legions of heroes The red sun was setting onto the graves of Vilnius Oh, don't cry, beloved mother, that young son |
Interwar Lithuanian songs (1918-1940)
The roots of Lithuanian pop music lie in the interwar period and such people as the traveling singer Danielius Dolskis who settled down in Kaunas. He used to write Lithuanian lyrics for popular world tunes and perform in upscale restaurants. His songs are still popular, having been recorded and re-recorded by many different musicians ever since.
"Palangos jūroj" ("In the sea of Palanga") song is one of the most popular Dolskis songs. The lyrics also signifies the urbanization-inspired change in lifestyle: Palanga is a popular resort town and the 1920s generation was among the first ones that had a significant number of people able to have a seaside holiday.
| Palangos jūroj ©Danielius Dolskis Palangos jūroj nuskendo mano meilė, O viltis mane dar šaukia, |
In the sea of Palanga English translation ©Augustinas Žemaitis In the sea of Palanga my love had drowned Yet the hope is still calling me |
While some topics were temporary in the popular music "love" theme always continued. Although even it followed the zeitgeist: forced to be socially conservative under the Soviet occupation it was to become extremely liberal in the 1990s.
Songs of the Soviet occupation era (1940-1990)
Like other arts under the Soviet occupation, music had to serve the regime. This does not mean that all popular music praised the Party or the Communism (there were military songs for that, many of them Russian). However, all of it had to adhere to the Soviet conservative yet anti-religious morals to survive censorship. "There is no sex in the Soviet Union" had been a popular saying.
The song we choose as an example for the era - "Senieji Vilniaus stogai" ("The old roofs of Vilnius") - is still popular. Its lyrics show how it was possible to discretely incorporate praise for Soviet programs. In this case, the campaign of building new functionalist microdistricts is praised as the topic of the song swiftly moves from the "Old roofs" to the "New roofs" of Vilnius.
| Senieji Vilniaus stogai ©Jonas Mašanauskas Senieji Vilniaus stogai, Stogai senieji, kai jus tik pamatau, Senieji Vilniaus stogai, Nešuosi mintį, Vilniau, tais rytais Naujieji Vilniaus stogai, Ir aš dainuoju pilna krūtine, |
The old roofs of Vilnius English translation ©Augustinas Žemaitis The old roofs of Vilnius Old roofs, whenever I see you Old roofs of Vilnius I am having a will, oh Vilnius, in those mornings New roofs of Vilnius And I sing with a full bosom |
In the Soviet Union, the government commonly required popular singers to also sing in Russian. Seeing the brutality of the Soviet Russian occupation few Lithuanians agreed to this, however, sacrificing the possibility of the Soviet Union-wide career.
In the end of the Soviet era a new form of protest was ideologically-overcharged songs that were effectively parodies of themselves (but the censors had no pretext to ban them). One of the masters of such parody was sung poetry author Vytautas Kernagis. The song goes in-line with a major Soviet campaign on eradicating Colorado potato beetle which even included rewarding children who captured the beetles for extermination.
| Kolorado vabalai ©Vytautas Kernagis, lyrics ©Juozas Erlickas Ant aukšto kranto upės mėlyno REFRAIN: Klajos dangum žvaigždė ir suoks lakštingala REFRAIN |
Colorado potato beetles English translation ©Augustinas Žemaitis On a high blue river bank REFRAIN: A star will travel in the sky, a nightingale will sing REFRAIN. |
Under the Soviet rule singers who were believed to be "anti-system" were called bards after the Celtic poets. Today in Lithuania a bard means a sung poetry singer. Perhaps the popularity of Vytautas Kernagis (who was a bard in both senses) changed the word's meaning and popularized the sung poetry genre.
The legal "anti-system" music had to be tame enough to cheat the censors, so most people who never lived under a totalitarian regime would probably not consider it anti-system at all, expecting direct criticism rather than merely a bit of subtle irony in a truly "anti-system" art.
There were, however, more openly dissenting songs created by the people in secret. They were patriotic and pro-independence. Written by political prisoners, guerillas and the persecuted Lithuanian majority these songs were banned in the Soviet Union, passed by the word of mouth alone. Many are anonymous and thus considered folk music.
Lithuanian songs for freedom (1987-1994)
During late 1980s Lithuanians started to dare to tell what they were thinking for decades - that the Soviet occupation must end. Songs on the censored topics (history, religion, freedom) became more and more open even if that meant KGB interrogations of some singers.
The music was so important in raising people's morale that the entire independence of the Baltic States which led to the collapse of the Soviet Union is sometimes named "The Singing Revolution".
Among the most daring singers of the era was Arvydas Vilčinskas who symbolically yet openly sung about the exiles, mass murders, nationalization, forced state atheism and other things the Lithuanian nation suffered under the Soviet occupation. His concerts used to attract full stadiums and many of his songs are still well known.
| Verkia Dievas medinis ©Arvydas Vilčinskas Stovi tėvo dvareliai tušti, REFRAIN: Mūsų niekas daugiau čia nekvies REFRAIN Liko tuščia, išplėšta namuos, REFRAIN |
A wooden God is crying English translation ©Augustinas Žemaitis The father's little manor is all empty, REFRAIN: No one will ever invite us here again, REFRAIN It's so empty, so robbed inside home REFRAIN |
This particular song is about the Soviet occupation of 1940. The first verse speaks of nationalization (when Soviets robbed away property from all Lithuanian classes - peasants to urban dwellers), the second verse symbolizes the destruction of Lithuanian traditions, the third verse tells of the physical Soviet genocide (the mother and sister are likely exiled or murdered) while the refrain describes the need to leave Lithuania as refugees (chosen by some 100 000 after World War 2).
The wooden God is Rūpintojėlis, a traditional Lithuanian wooden statue of sad Jesus, erected near village homes. Like many allegories in Vilčinskas's songs it has multiple meanings: beside the obvious one (a statue in the yard of a nationalized home) it laments the attacks on the religious and the fact that the nationalised home will remain empty and ransacked with the statue itself likely destroyed soon. The tune of the song is delusively happy and this is a signature of A. Vilčinskas. After suffering so much Lithuanians frequently adopted the "laughter through tears" stance towards sad events.
In addition to such ballads there was rock music that offered an even bolder position. 1987-1989 saw annual "Rock march" tours across Lithuania. Rock music on itself was something politically incorrect in the Soviet Union, so the fact that concerts took place at all was already seen as a victory in 1987. But in 1988-1989 the rock bands were more and more daring to transfer their pro-independence opinion into lyrics, culminating in texts like "Lietuvos valstybė" by Antis, aimed at leftist Western European politicians who were ready to disregard the Lithuanian tragedy in order to preserve stability of the Soviet Union:
| Lietuvos valstybė ©Antis Ei, tu, vakarų pilieti, Ei, tu, kvapnusis europieti, Ei, tu, šaunusis demokrate, Ei, tu, tolimas kaimyne, Lietuvos valstybė – pabandyk ištarti Ei, jūs, Europos vegetarai, Ei, jūs, apsukrūs diplomatai, Lietuvos valstybė – pabandyk ištarti |
Independent State of Lithuania English translation ©Augustinas Žemaitis Hey you, a Western citizen, Hey you, a perfumed European Hey you, a great democrat, Hey you, a far-away neighbor, Independent State of Lithuania - try to spell it. Hey you, European vegetarians, Hey you, fast-thinking diplomats, Independent State of Lithuania - try to spell it. |
Lithuanian songs of the libertarian 1990s
The 1990 independence and its subsequent successful defense from Russian aggression meant that the patriotic goals were successfully met. The initial wave of patriotically, religiously and historically themed music subsided.
However, the restored freedom introduced other once-censored themes as well: business, sex, crime. Local bands attempted to emulate previously non-existent Western styles but a lack of global ties meant that such imitations would just make new fusion styles instead.
Among the emulated styles of 1990s was hip hop and SEL was one of its most popular local bands. The following is their song "Išsivaduok nuo kontrolės" ("Liberate yourself from control"):
| Išsivaduok nuo kontrolės SEL Sustok Palikai tėvų namus Išsivaduok nuo materialines priklausomybės Tu pasiekei tai apie ką svajojai Išsivaduok nuo materialinės priklausomybės |
Liberate yourself from control SEL Stop. You had left the parents' home Liberate yourself from material dependency You have reached what you sought for Liberate yourself from material dependency |
Belief in freedom of speech and free market was nearly universal and no government would have considered censorship. Some songs were anarchist and some racist, the new topics ranged from murders to transexuality. People eagerly listened to all the new ideas; discussions on them were generally prejudice-free, no thought was considered "too radical to even discuss". But this freedom of speech eroded with EU membership (~2004), leading even to calls for prosecution for some of the 1990s "politically incorrect" radio hits. An example of an era's controversial song may be "Atbėgo kariūnai" ("The soldiers quickly came") where the phrase "Atbėgo kariūnai, sušaudė Brazauską" ("The soldiers quickly came, they shot Brazauskas") is constantly on repeat (Brazauskas was a well-known Lithuanian political figure who hasn't been shot at in reality).
International era at Lithuanian music (2000 and later)
By 2000s the prime Lithuanian music became well-internationalized. Foreign style songs (e.g. metal, electro) were no longer naive adaptations but faithful copies.
Increasingly this "internationalized Lithuanian music" has foreign producers, English lyrics and little to distinguish it from startup musicians of London or New York. The hopes of Lithuanian musicians for careers in either East (Russia) or the West have been left largely unfulfilled, however.
Pop music remained more Lithuanian, although it is looked down upon by those who consider themselves to be more "hip".
Still, Lithuanians had some genres that had popularity far surpassing that of their contemporaries in West, among them sung poetry, neo-folk, and sports anthems.
Sports anthem "Trys milijonai" is likely the Lithuanian song performed outside Lithuania the most frequently. As an unofficial Lithuanian sports anthem it is performed in various international events where Lithuanians particiapte and the countries provide their songs to fill the pauses. It was created for 2000 Sydney olympics by "most wanted husband" Marijus Mikutavičius and inspired entire subgenre of "sport anthems" for different events, teams and sports but still has not been surpassed in popularity. Together with the neo-folk and sung poetry the sport anthems became an antithesis to internationalization in music.
| Trys milijonai Marijus Mikutavičius Galbūt per daug ir per ilgai mes kariavom, Bet ir aš ten buvau, REFRAIN: Ir aš tūkstantį kartų sakiau savo draugui: REFRAIN |
Three million Marijus Mikutavičius Perhaps we fought for too long - and in too many wars But I was there too REFRAIN: For a thousand times I told my friend: REFRAIN |
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